Movies That Take Place In One Day?

The Petrifed Forest should qualify. Also, from the next year (1937), yet another film adaptation of a Broadway play with Humphrey Bogart in a key role, Dead End.

Two more with Bogart, Key Largo and The Desperate Hours, also both adapted from successful plays.

I'm not sure of the exact time frame for the stage flop, Everybody Comes To Rick's, nor am I positive that the highly popular movie adapted from it, Casablanca, takes place in a one day period, but it's pretty compact as it is.

Lonely New York workers Jim and Mary strangers to each other, meet on a public holiday outing to Coney Island.
Lonesome (1928) Directed by Hungarian born American filmmaker Paul Fejös. This wonderful innovative, independent production was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

                                                

                                 

I could be wrong about this, but WTF: I think that brilliantly constructed, written and acted early sci-fi The Thing From Another World takes up even one full day, much less 24 hours, though it seems to change times of day, especially early on. That's no quibble from me. I love this one exactly as it is. Even some of the seeming goofs don't slow the movie's urgency and strong narrative drive; and besides, goofs happen in real life, too, so why not in the occasional movie, even a superlative one? This one's just the gift that keeps on giving.

Гараж , The Garage (1979) Soviet Union, Dir. Eldar Ryazanov. A wonderful satire, that takes place over the course of one day.
A cooperative of museum workers has been planning to build a new parking garage with assigned spots for its members, although the development space will not allow for everyone to access a parking spot. 
 The cooperative calls a special afternoon meeting to decide who will lose their spots. Behind the scenes the decision was actually made by the cooperative's board before the meeting commenced. This unfair process causes alarm, in desperation, a disgruntled member locks the door to the meeting room and hides the key, the meeting cannot end until a fair decision is made...

                             
                                                              

Скверный анекдот, The Ugly Story (1966) Soviet Union. Dir. Aleksandr Alov and Vladimir Naumov.

Based upon Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Nasty Story" aka "An Unpleasant Predicament" written in 1862, the film tells the satirical tale about a freshly appointed general in the civil service, who over the course of one evening has been proudly defending and arguing his liberal-humanistic social ideals to two other generals.
Walking his way home as his coachman has not appeared, Ivan Pralinksky spontaneously decides to test his theory, to amuse himself with his own kindness. Pralinksky presents himself, uninvited, at the wedding feast of one of his lowliest subordinates, being a non-drinker and completely out of his element in this reveling crowd, the General fails spectacularly in his quest...

Dostoevsky's original story focused on the spirit of reform that was spreading throughout Russia in the early years of the reign of the 'tsar-liberator' Alexander II, who came to the throne in 1855.

The film follows closely the spirit of the story. Filmed with incredible creative ingenuity, a grotesque cast of extras adds a bizarre dimension to the story, a comic tragedy of failure to come up to one's own expectations...

Perhaps it was the "game of democracy" of Ivan Pralinksky , surprisingly the film was shelved for 20 years and was not released until 1987..

                                 

Carnage (2011) dir: Roman Polanski.
Two sets of parents meet to smooth over a quarrel between their sons. Apart from two brief scenes of the kids in the park, it is shot in real time, an afternoon and evening. A satire on white middle-class liberal American values.

The ironic twist at the end echoes that in Haneke's weightier movie Caché (Hidden)(2005). I wonder if Polanski borrowed it from there?

I just looked it up. Looks good. I like debate/dialogue movies. Plus what a stacked cast!